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注塑模具制造精加工工序,你知道多少?

发布日期:2018-12-30 作者: 点击:

一(yi)幅模(mo)具是由(you)(you)众多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)零件组配(pei)而成,零件的(de)(de)质量(liang)(liang)直接影响着模(mo)具的(de)(de)质量(liang)(liang),而零件的(de)(de)质量(liang)(liang)又是由(you)(you)精(jing)(jing)加(jia)工(gong)来完成保 证的(de)(de),因此说控制好(hao)精(jing)(jing)加(jia)工(gong)关系重大。在国内(nei)大多(duo)(duo)数的(de)(de)模(mo)具制造企业,精(jing)(jing)加(jia)工(gong)阶段采(cai)用(yong)的(de)(de)方法一(yi)般是磨削,电加(jia)工(gong)及钳工(gong)处理。在这个阶段要控制好(hao)零件变形(xing),内(nei)应力,形(xing)状公差及尺寸精(jing)(jing)度(du)等许多(duo)(duo)技术参数,在具体(ti)的(de)(de)生产实践中,操作(zuo)困难较多(duo)(duo),但仍有许多(duo)(duo)行之(zhi)有效的(de)(de)经(jing)验(yan)方法值得借鉴。

模具零(ling)件的加(jia)工(gong),根据零(ling)件的外观形状(zhuang)不同,大(da)致(zhi)可把(ba)零(ling)件分三类(lei):板类(lei)、异形零(ling)件及轴(zhou)类(lei),其共同的工(gong)艺过程大(da)致(zhi)为:粗加(jia)工(gong)——热处理(淬火(huo)、调质)——精磨(mo)——电加(jia)工(gong)——钳(qian)工(gong)(表面处理)——组配加(jia)工(gong)。

1、零件热处理(li)

零(ling)件的(de)(de)热处(chu)理(li)工(gong)(gong)序,在使(shi)零(ling)件获得要求(qiu)的(de)(de)硬度的(de)(de)同(tong)时(shi),还(hai)需对内应力(li)进行控制,保(bao) 证零(ling)件加工(gong)(gong)时(shi)尺寸(cun)的(de)(de)稳定(ding)性(xing),不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)材(cai)质分别有(you)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)处(chu)理(li)方式。随着近年来模具工(gong)(gong)业的(de)(de)发展,使(shi)用的(de)(de)材(cai)料种(zhong)类(lei)增多(duo)了,除了Cr12、40Cr、Cr12MoV、硬质合金外,对一(yi)些工(gong)(gong)作强度大,受(shou)力(li)苛刻的(de)(de)凸、凹模,可选用新(xin)材(cai)料粉(fen)末合金钢(gang),如V10、ASP23等,此(ci)类(lei)材(cai)质具有(you)较(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)热稳定(ding)性(xing)和良好的(de)(de)组织状(zhuang)态。

针对以Cr12MoV为材质的(de)零(ling)件(jian)(jian)(jian),在粗加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)后进(jin)(jin)行(xing)淬(cui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)处理,淬(cui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)后工(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)存在很大的(de)存留应力(li),容易导致精(jing)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)或工(gong)(gong)(gong)作中(zhong)(zhong)开裂(lie),零(ling)件(jian)(jian)(jian)淬(cui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)后应趁热回(hui)(hui)火(huo)(huo)(huo),消除淬(cui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)应力(li)。淬(cui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)温度(du)控制(zhi)在900-1020℃,然后冷(leng)却至200-220℃出炉(lu)空(kong)冷(leng),随后迅速回(hui)(hui)炉(lu)220℃回(hui)(hui)火(huo)(huo)(huo),这种方法(fa)称为一次硬化工(gong)(gong)(gong)艺,可以获得较高的(de)强(qiang)度(du)及耐磨(mo)性,对于以磨(mo)损为主要失效(xiao)形式的(de)模具(ju)效(xiao)果较好。生产中(zhong)(zhong)遇到一些(xie)拐角较多、形状(zhuang)复杂的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian),回(hui)(hui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)还(hai)不足以消除淬(cui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)应力(li),精(jing)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)前还(hai)需进(jin)(jin)行(xing)去应力(li)退火(huo)(huo)(huo)或多次时效(xiao)处理,充分(fen)释放(fang)应力(li)。

针对V10、APS23等粉(fen)末(mo)合金(jin)钢零件(jian),因其能承受高温(wen)回(hui)火(huo),淬(cui)火(huo)时(shi)可采用(yong)(yong)(yong)二次硬(ying)化工艺,1050-1080℃淬(cui)火(huo),再用(yong)(yong)(yong)490-520℃高温(wen)回(hui)火(huo)并进行多(duo)次,可以获得较高的冲(chong)击韧性(xing)(xing)及稳定性(xing)(xing),对以崩刃(ren)为主(zhu)要失效形式的模具很适用(yong)(yong)(yong)。粉(fen)末(mo)合金(jin)钢的造(zao)价较高,但其性(xing)(xing)能好,正在(zai)形成一(yi)种广泛运用(yong)(yong)(yong)趋势。

2、零件的磨削加工(gong)

磨(mo)(mo)削(xue)(xue)(xue)加工(gong)采用的(de)机床有(you)三种(zhong)主要(yao)类型(xing):平面磨(mo)(mo)床、内(nei)外圆磨(mo)(mo)床及工(gong)具(ju)磨(mo)(mo)具(ju)。精(jing)(jing)加工(gong)磨(mo)(mo)削(xue)(xue)(xue)时要(yao)严格(ge)控制磨(mo)(mo)削(xue)(xue)(xue)变形和磨(mo)(mo)削(xue)(xue)(xue)裂(lie)纹的(de)产生,即使是十分微小的(de)裂(lie)纹,在后续的(de)加工(gong)使用中也会显(xian)露出(chu)来。因(yin)此(ci),精(jing)(jing)磨(mo)(mo)的(de)进(jin)刀要(yao)小,不能大,冷却(que)液要(yao)充(chong)分,尺寸公差在0.01mm以内(nei)的(de)零件(jian)要(yao)尽量恒温(wen)磨(mo)(mo)削(xue)(xue)(xue)。由计算(suan)可知,300mm长的(de)钢(gang)件(jian),温(wen)差3℃时,材料有(you)10.8μm左右的(de)变化,10.8=1.2×3×3(每100mm变形量1.2μm/℃),各精(jing)(jing)加工(gong)工(gong)序都(dou)需充(chong)分考虑这一因(yin)素的(de)影响。

精磨时(shi)选择好(hao)恰当(dang)的(de)磨削(xue)砂(sha)(sha)轮十分重(zhong)要,针对模具钢材(cai)的(de)高(gao)(gao)钒高(gao)(gao)钼状况,选用GD单晶刚(gang)玉砂(sha)(sha)轮比较适用,当(dang)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)硬质(zhi)(zhi)合(he)金、淬火硬度高(gao)(gao)的(de)材(cai)质(zhi)(zhi)时(shi),优先采用有机(ji)粘(zhan)结剂(ji)的(de)金刚(gang)石砂(sha)(sha)轮,有机(ji)粘(zhan)结剂(ji)砂(sha)(sha)轮自磨利(li)性好(hao),磨出(chu)(chu)的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)粗糙可达Ra=0.2μm,近年来,随着新材(cai)料的(de)应(ying)用,CBN砂(sha)(sha)轮,也(ye)即立方氮化(hua)硼砂(sha)(sha)轮显(xian)示(shi)出(chu)(chu)十分好(hao)的(de)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)效(xiao)果,在数控成(cheng)型(xing)磨,坐标(biao)磨床,CNC内外圆磨床上精加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),效(xiao)果优于其(qi)它种类砂(sha)(sha)轮。磨削(xue)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中,要注(zhu)意及时(shi)修整砂(sha)(sha)轮,保持砂(sha)(sha)轮的(de)锐(rui)利(li),当(dang)砂(sha)(sha)轮钝(dun)化(hua)后,会在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)表面滑擦、挤压,造成(cheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)表面烧伤,强度降(jiang)低。

板(ban)类零(ling)件(jian)的(de)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)大部(bu)分采用平(ping)面磨(mo)(mo)(mo)床加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong),在(zai)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)中常会(hui)遇到(dao)一种长(zhang)而薄(bo)的(de)薄(bo)板(ban)零(ling)件(jian),此类零(ling)件(jian)的(de)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)较难。因为加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)时(shi)(shi),在(zai)磁力的(de)吸附作(zuo)用下(xia),工(gong)(gong)件(jian)产生形(xing)变,紧贴(tie)于工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)台表(biao)面,当拿下(xia)工(gong)(gong)件(jian)后,工(gong)(gong)件(jian)又(you)会(hui)产生回(hui)复变形(xing),厚度测量一致(zhi),但平(ping)行度达不到(dao)要求(qiu),解决的(de)办法(fa)可(ke)采用隔磁磨(mo)(mo)(mo)削(xue)法(fa),磨(mo)(mo)(mo)削(xue)时(shi)(shi)以(yi)等高(gao)块(kuai)垫在(zai)工(gong)(gong)件(jian)下(xia)面,四面挡块(kuai)抵死,加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)时(shi)(shi)小进刀(dao),多光刀(dao),加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)好一面后,可(ke)不用再垫等高(gao)块(kuai),直接吸附加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong),这(zhei)样可(ke)改善磨(mo)(mo)(mo)削(xue)效果(guo),达到(dao)平(ping)行度要求(qiu)。

轴(zhou)类(lei)零件(jian)具有(you)回(hui)转面,其加(jia)工广泛采用内(nei)外(wai)圆磨(mo)床及(ji)工具磨(mo)床。加(jia)工过(guo)程中,头(tou)架及(ji)顶 尖相当(dang)于(yu)母线,如果其存(cun)在跳(tiao)动问(wen)题(ti),加(jia)工出来的工件(jian)同(tong)样会产生此(ci)问(wen)题(ti),影响零件(jian)的质(zhi)量,因此(ci)在加(jia)工前(qian)要做好头(tou)架及(ji)顶 尖的检测(ce)工作(zuo)。进(jin)行内(nei)孔磨(mo)削时(shi),冷却(que)液要充分浇到(dao)磨(mo)削接触位置,以利于(yu)磨(mo)削的顺利排出。加(jia)工薄(bo)壁轴(zhou)类(lei)零件(jian),建议(yi)采用夹(jia)持工艺台,夹(jia)紧力不(bu)可过(guo)大,否则容(rong)易在工件(jian)圆周上(shang)产生“内(nei)三角”变(bian)形。

3、电(dian)加工控制

现代的(de)模具工(gong)(gong)厂,不能(neng)缺少电(dian)加工(gong)(gong),电(dian)加工(gong)(gong)可以对各类异形、高硬度(du)零件进行(xing)加工(gong)(gong),它分为线(xian)切割(ge)与电(dian)火花二种。

慢走丝线切割(ge)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)精度(du)(du)可(ke)(ke)达±0.003mm,粗(cu)糙度(du)(du)Ra0.2μm。加(jia)工(gong)(gong)开始时(shi),要先(xian)检(jian)查(cha)机床的状(zhuang)况,查(cha)看水的去(qu)离(li)子度(du)(du),水温,丝的垂直(zhi)度(du)(du),张力(li)等各个因素,确保良好的加(jia)工(gong)(gong)状(zhuang)态。线切割(ge)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)是在(zai)(zai)(zai)一整块材料上去(qu)除加(jia)工(gong)(gong),它破坏了工(gong)(gong)件(jian)原(yuan)有(you)的应(ying)(ying)力(li)平衡,很容易引起应(ying)(ying)力(li)集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong),特别是在(zai)(zai)(zai)拐(guai)角处,因此当R<0.2(特别是尖(jian)角)时(shi),应(ying)(ying)向(xiang)设计部门(men)提出改善建议(yi)。加(jia)工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)处理(li)应(ying)(ying)力(li)集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)的方法(fa),可(ke)(ke)运用矢量(liang)平移原(yuan)理(li),精加(jia)工(gong)(gong)前(qian)先(xian)留(liu)余量(liang)1mm左(zuo)右(you),预加(jia)工(gong)(gong)出大(da)致形状(zhuang),然后再进行热(re)处理(li),让(rang)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)应(ying)(ying)力(li)在(zai)(zai)(zai)精加(jia)工(gong)(gong)前(qian)先(xian)行释放,保 证热(re)稳定性。

加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)凸模时(shi),丝的(de)切(qie)入位置(zhi)及路径(jing)的(de)选择要仔细考虑。采用打孔穿丝加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong),效果很佳。高(gao)精线(xian)切(qie)割加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong),通(tong)常(chang)切(qie)割遍数为四次,可以保 证零件质量。当加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)带有锥度的(de)凹模时(shi),本着快速高(gao)效的(de)立场,第(di)1遍粗加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)直(zhi)边,第(di)2遍锥度加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong),接着再精加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)直(zhi)边,这(zhei)样(yang)可不(bu)需(xu)进行(xing)X段(duan)垂(chui)直(zhi)向精加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong),只精加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)刃(ren)口段(duan)直(zhi)边,既(ji)节(jie)约时(shi)间又(you)节(jie)约成本。

电(dian)(dian)(dian)火花加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)先要(yao)制作电(dian)(dian)(dian)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),电(dian)(dian)(dian)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)有粗、精之分。精加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)要(yao)求形(xing)状(zhuang)符(fu)合(he)(he)性好(hao)(hao),建议用CNC数控(kong)机床加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)完成。电(dian)(dian)(dian)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)材质选择(ze)上,紫铜电(dian)(dian)(dian)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要(yao)用于一(yi)般钢件(jian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)。Cu-W合(he)(he)金电(dian)(dian)(dian)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),综合(he)(he)性能好(hao)(hao),特别是加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)过(guo)程中消耗量(liang)明显比紫铜小,配合(he)(he)足(zu)量(liang)的(de)(de)冲(chong)刷液(ye),很适(shi)合(he)(he)难加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)材料加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)及截面形(xing)状(zhuang)复杂件(jian)精加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)。制作电(dian)(dian)(dian)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)时(shi)(shi),需要(yao)计算电(dian)(dian)(dian)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)间(jian)隙(xi)量(liang)及电(dian)(dian)(dian)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)数量(liang),当进(jin)(jin)行大面积或重电(dian)(dian)(dian)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)时(shi)(shi),工(gong)(gong)件(jian)和电(dian)(dian)(dian)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)装夹要(yao)牢固(gu),保 证(zheng)具有足(zu)够的(de)(de)强度,防(fang)止加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)松动。进(jin)(jin)行深台阶加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)时(shi)(shi),对电(dian)(dian)(dian)极(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)各处的(de)(de)损耗及因排液(ye)不畅(chang)引起的(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)弧放电(dian)(dian)(dian),要(yao)予以注意。

4、表面处理及组配

零件表面(mian)在(zai)加(jia)工时(shi)留下(xia)刀痕、磨痕是应力(li)集中(zhong)的(de)地(di)方,是裂纹扩(kuo)展(zhan)的(de)源头,因此在(zai)加(jia)工结束(shu)后,需要(yao)对零件进行表面(mian)强化(hua),通过钳工打磨,处(chu)理掉(diao)加(jia)工隐患。对工件的(de)一些棱边(bian)、锐角、孔口(kou)进行倒钝(dun),R化(hua)。一般地(di),电(dian)加(jia)工表面(mian)会产生6-10μm左右的(de)变质硬(ying)化(hua)层(ceng)(ceng),颜(yan)色呈(cheng)灰(hui)白色,硬(ying)化(hua)层(ceng)(ceng)脆而且带有残留应力(li),在(zai)使用之前要(yao)充(chong)分消除(chu)硬(ying)化(hua)层(ceng)(ceng),方法为表面(mian)抛光,打磨去掉(diao)硬(ying)化(hua)层(ceng)(ceng)。

在(zai)磨削加工(gong)(gong)、电加工(gong)(gong)过程(cheng)(cheng)中,工(gong)(gong)件(jian)会有(you)一(yi)定磁(ci)(ci)化,具(ju)有(you)微弱磁(ci)(ci)力(li),十分容易(yi)吸(xi)着一(yi)些(xie)小东西,因此(ci)在(zai)组(zu)装(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)之前,要(yao)(yao)对(dui)(dui)工(gong)(gong)件(jian)作(zuo)退磁(ci)(ci)处理,并用乙(yi)(yi)酸乙(yi)(yi)脂清洗(xi)表面。组(zu)装(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)过程(cheng)(cheng)中,先参看(kan)装(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)图,找齐各零(ling)件(jian),然后(hou)列出各零(ling)件(jian)相互之间的装(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)备顺序(xu),列出各项应(ying)注意事项,然后(hou)着手装(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)模(mo)(mo)具(ju),装(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)一(yi)般先装(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)导柱导套,然后(hou)装(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)模(mo)(mo)架和凸(tu)凹(ao)模(mo)(mo),然后(hou)再对(dui)(dui)各处间隙(xi)(xi),特别(bie)是凸(tu)凹(ao)模(mo)(mo)间隙(xi)(xi)进行组(zu)配(pei)调(diao)整(zheng),装(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)完成后(hou)要(yao)(yao)实施模(mo)(mo)具(ju)检(jian)测,写出整(zheng)体(ti)情况报告。对(dui)(dui)发(fa)现的问题,可采用逆向思维(wei)法,即从后(hou)工(gong)(gong)序(xu)向前工(gong)(gong)序(xu),从精加工(gong)(gong)到(dao)粗加工(gong)(gong),逐一(yi)检(jian)查(cha),直到(dao)找出症(zheng)结,解(jie)决问题。

实(shi)践(jian)证(zheng)明,良好(hao)的精加工过程控制(zhi),可(ke)以有效减少(shao)零件(jian)超差、报(bao)废,有效提高(gao)模具的一次(ci)成功率及(ji)使(shi)用(yong)寿命。

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